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The contribution of the KREEP component is less than 5%, which excluded the hypothesis that KREEP-rich sources provide an additional heat source for mantle melting.
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In-situ Sr-Nd isotope analyses suggested that the Chang’e-5 basalt originated from a depleted mantle source. The Pb-Pb dating of U-rich minerals in the Chang’e-5 basalt clasts indicated that they formed at about 2.0 Ga, 800 million years younger than the youngest lunar sample recovered previously (2.8 Ga), confirming that lunar volcanic activity can last at least until 2 Ga. The basic physical properties of the Chang’e-5 soil are within the range of the Apollo and Luna samples though the Chang’e-5 soil is finer-grained, better sorted, and has a slightly lower true density than the mare basalt previosuly reported. Recently, independent teams from the Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, and the National Astronomical Observatories and the Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences reported the first batch of results of Chang’e-5 lunar samples. The Chang’e-5 mission returned new lunar samples after the last sample mission of the Moon 44 years ago, and is also the first mission that China has completed the sampling of extraterrestrial bodies. Following this technical roadmap, one can integrate multiple modalities into a uniform frame of multimodal and multiscale correlated datasets to acquire high-throughput information on the limited or precious terrestrial and extraterrestrial samples.
#TO THE MOON SECRETS SERIES#
Linking various microscopic and spectromicroscopic instruments together, this workflow consists of six steps: (1) single-particle selection with non-destructive µXRF technique, (2) 2D/3D morphological and structural characterization with a correlative submicron 3D XRM and nanoscale resolution FIB-SEM imaging methods, (3) SEM analysis of the surface morphology and chemistry of the selected particle, (4) a series of microscopic and microbeam analyses (e.g., SEM, electron probe microanalysis, and SIMS) on the cross-section of the selected particle to obtain structural, mineralogical, chemical, and isotopic features from the micron to nanometer scale, (5) advanced 2D/3D characterization and site-specific sample preparation of thin foil/tip specimens on a microregion of interest in the selected particle with FIB-SEM technique, and (6) comprehensive analyses on the FIB-milled specimens at nanometer to atomic scale with synchrotron-based scanning transmission X-ray microscopy, analytic transmission electron microscopy, and atom probe tomography.
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We therefore proposed a correlative workflow for comprehensively studying the CE-5 lunar samples from single particles on nanometer to atomic scales. Such protocol could be also applicable in non-constructively screening other types of particles for different scientific purposes. The selected particles were verified via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), 3D X-ray microscopy (XRM), and focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) techniques, which showed that zirconium-bearing minerals with several microns were precisely positioned and readily suitable for site-specific isotopic dating by second ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). Here, we developed a non-destructive rapid screening of individual zirconium-containing particle for isotope geochronology based on a Micro X-ray fluorescence analysis (µXRF). However, the precious samples, most in the micrometer size range, challenge many traditional analyses on large single crystals of zircon developed for massive bulk samples. The age determination of the CE-5 samples was among the first scientific questions to be answered. New samples returned by Chang’e-5 (CE-5) mission offer an opportunity for studying the lunar geologic longevity, space weathering, and regolith evolution.